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Intermediate

Consonant Mutation & Buffers

Softening and buffer letters

Final p, ç, t, k soften before a vowel

→ b, c, d, ğ.

📊 Consonant softening
Final Becomes Example
p b kitap→kitabı
ç c ağaç→ağacı
t d kanat→kanadı
k ğ ekmek→ekmeği
💬 Examples
kitap → kitabı
book → the book
📝 p → b before a vowel suffix
ağaç → ağacı
tree → the tree
📝 ç → c
Buffer -y- separates two vowels

Before a vowel-initial suffix.

💬 Examples
elma → elmayı
apple → the apple
📝 Buffer -y- before -ı
araba → arabaya
car → to the car
📝 Buffer -y- before -a
Buffer -n- with possessives & demonstratives

Before a case suffix.

💬 Examples
evinde
in his/her house
📝 ev + -i (poss.) + -n- + -de
bunu
this (accusative)
📝 bu + -n- + -u