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Passive & Causative

-il- and -dir-

Passive: -il- / -in- inserted in the verb

'be done'.

📊 Voice suffixes
Suffix Sense Example
-il / -in passive yazılmak (to be written)
-dir / -tir causative yazdırmak (have written)
-t causative (after a vowel) okutmak (have read)
-il + -dir passive of causative yazdırılmak
💬 Examples
yazıldı
it was written
📝 yaz + -ıl + -dı (passive past)
Kapı açıldı.
The door was opened.
📝 aç + -ıl = passive
Causative: -dir- / -t- ('make/have someone do')

Add a causer.

💬 Examples
yazdırdım
I had (it) written
📝 yaz + -dır + -dım (causative)
Çocuğa kitap okuttum.
I had the child read a book.
📝 oku + -t = make read
These can stack

passive + causative, or double causative.

💬 Examples
öldürmek
to kill (cause to die)
📝 öl (die) + -dür = cause to die
yaptırmak
to have (something) made
📝 yap + -tır = have done