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Supine vs Past Participle

Two distinct non-finite forms

The supine is used with har/hade to form perfect tenses

The supine ends in -at, -t, -tt, or -it and never declines.

📊 Supine vs past participle
Supine Past participle (en) Past participle (ett) Past participle (pl)
tala talat talad talat talade
skriva skrivit skriven skrivet skrivna
köpa köpt köpt köpt köpta
💬 Examples
Jag har ätit. / Vi hade talat.
I have eaten. / We had spoken.
📝 supine: ätit, talat — no agreement
De har skrivit / sovit.
They have written / slept.
📝 supine always ends in -t or -it
The past participle declines like an adjective

It agrees with the noun in gender and number.

💬 Examples
en skriven bok / ett skrivet brev
a written book / a written letter
📝 skriven (en) / skrivet (ett)
skrivna brev / de skrivna breven
written letters / the written letters
📝 skrivna = plural / definite form
Past participle used as predicate adjective after bli/vara

It agrees with the subject in the predicate position.

💬 Examples
Brevet är skrivet.
The letter is written.
📝 skrivet agrees with brevet (ett)
Dörrarna är stängda.
The doors are closed.
📝 stängda = plural predicate participle