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Complex Sentences & Advanced Grammar

Relative-correlative clauses, compound verbs, subjunctive and respect forms
जो ... वह ... — relative-correlative
jo ... vah ... — relative-correlative
jo ... vah ...
जो आदमी आया, वह डॉक्टर है = The man who came is a doctor
कि — that (complementizer)
ki — that (complementizer)
ki
मैंने कहा कि ... = I said that ...
क्योंकि — because
kyonki — because
kyonki
मैं नहीं आया क्योंकि मैं बीमार था
अगर ... तो ... — if ... then ...
agar ... to ... — if ... then ...
agar ... to ...
अगर बारिश होगी तो मैं नहीं आऊँगा
संयुक्त क्रिया: कर लेना, खा लेना
compound verbs: do (completely), eat up
kar lenaa, khaa lenaa
Main verb + light verb (lenaa/denaa) adds nuance
चाहिए — should / ought
chaahie — should / ought to
chaahie
तुम्हें जाना चाहिए = You should go
सकना / पाना / चुकना
can / manage / to have already done
saknaa / paanaa / chuknaa
Modal-like auxiliary verbs
वाला — the one who/which
vaalaa — the one who/which
vaalaa
बेचने वाला = the seller; आने वाला = the one coming
आदर: आप + plural verb
respect: aap + plural verb
aap ... hain/karte hain
Honorific आप always takes plural verb forms
और / या / लेकिन / तो
and / or / but / so
aur / yaa / lekin / to
Common conjunctions joining clauses