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Past & Future Tenses

Past tenses, the ergative ने construction, future and aspect
सकर्मक भूत: ने + कर्म मेल
transitive past: ne + object agreement
mainne kitaab paṛhii
Verb agrees with object when ने is used
अकर्मक भूत: कर्ता मेल
intransitive past: subject agreement
main aayaa
No ने; verb agrees with subject
था/थी/थे with past
thaa/thii/the with past
thaa/thii/the
Past of होना as auxiliary and main verb
पूर्ण भूत: कर चुका था
past perfect: had done
kar chukaa thaa
Completed before another past event
अपूर्ण भूत: करता था
past habitual: used to do
kartaa thaa
Habitual/repeated action in the past
सतत भूत: कर रहा था
past continuous: was doing
kar rahaa thaa
Ongoing past action
सामान्य भविष्य पूर्ण
simple future in full
karuungaa, karoge, karenge
Full future conjugation
संभाव्य भविष्य: करूँ?
subjunctive: should/might I do?
main karuun?
Subjunctive for doubt/suggestion: मैं क्या करूँ?
ने वाले vs बिना ने
ne-takers vs ne-less verbs
which verbs take ne
Most transitive verbs take ने; some exceptions (बोलना, लाना)
काल मिश्रण कथन में
mixing tenses in narration
tense sequencing
Coordinating tenses in stories