← Back

Alphabet & Pronunciation

Devanagari script, vowels, consonants, matras and key pronunciation rules
देवनागरी की पूरी वर्णमाला
the complete Devanagari alphabet
full varnamala
Systematic review: vowels, consonants, conjuncts
उच्चारण स्थान: कंठ, तालु, मूर्धा
places of articulation
kanṭh, taalu, muurdhaa
Velar, palatal, retroflex, dental, labial series
महाप्राण बनाम अल्पप्राण
aspirated vs unaspirated
mahaapraan / alpapraan
Aspiration is phonemic: कान vs खान
मूर्धन्य ध्वनियाँ
retroflex sounds
ṭa ṭha ḍa ḍha ṇa
Retroflex consonants distinguish Hindi from European languages
नासिक्य: ङ ञ ण न म
nasal consonants
nasals by series
Each consonant series has its own nasal
संयुक्त व्यंजन निर्माण
forming conjuncts
conjunct formation
How consonant clusters combine in writing
श ष स की भिन्नता
distinguishing sha, ṣa, sa
sha/sha/sa
Three sibilants; श and ष often merge in speech
बलाघात (stress)
stress in Hindi
balaaghaat
Hindi stress is weight-sensitive, fairly even
स्वराघात व लय
intonation and rhythm
svaraaghaat
Sentence-level intonation patterns
क्षेत्रीय उच्चारण भेद
regional pronunciation differences
regional variation
How pronunciation varies across Hindi regions