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Keigo, Conditionals & Complex Grammar

Politeness levels (keigo), conditionals, relative clauses and complex sentences
敬語 — keigo overview
keigo — politeness levels
keigo
Plain, polite (ます), honorific (尊敬語), humble (謙譲語)
丁寧語: です・ます
teineigo: desu/masu
teineigo
The standard polite register
尊敬語: いらっしゃる
sonkeigo: honorific verbs
irassharu
Elevates the other person: いらっしゃる (be/come/go)
謙譲語: いたす, まいる
kenjougo: humble verbs
itasu, mairu
Lowers oneself: いたす (do), まいる (come/go)
～たら — conditional (if/when)
-tara — conditional
-tara
食べたら = if/when (I) eat
～ば — conditional (if)
-ba — conditional
-ba
行けば = if (you) go
～と — natural consequence
-to — whenever/if (natural result)
to
押すと開く = if/when you push, it opens
～なら — contextual if
-nara — if (given that)
nara
日本に行くなら = if you're going to Japan
関係節（修飾）
relative/noun-modifying clause
noun modification
私が買った本 = the book that I bought (clause before noun)
から / ので — because
kara / node — because
kara / node
雨だから = because it's raining; ので is softer/politer