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Keigo, Conditionals & Complex Grammar

Politeness levels (keigo), conditionals, relative clauses and complex sentences
尊敬語の作り方
forming sonkeigo (honorific)
o + masu + ni naru
お + stem + になる; or special verbs
謙譲語の作り方
forming kenjougo (humble)
o + stem + suru
お + stem + する/いたす for humble actions
特別な敬語動詞
special keigo verbs
meshiagaru, itadaku
召し上がる (eat-hon.), いただく (eat/receive-hum.)
お / ご + 名詞
o/go + noun (polite prefix)
o-/go-
お茶, ご飯, お名前 — politeness prefixes
条件: たら の用法
conditional: uses of tara
-tara
Most flexible conditional; also 'when' for past
条件: ば の用法
conditional: uses of ba
-ba
General/hypothetical conditions
条件: と vs なら
conditional: to vs nara
to / nara
と = inevitable result; なら = given that/topic-based
名詞修飾節
noun-modifying clauses
relative clauses
Clause + noun: 私が読んだ本 = the book I read
ので / のに
node / noni (because / although)
node / noni
ので = because (soft); のに = although (with surprise)
普通体と丁寧体
plain vs polite styles
plain / polite register
Switching between casual and polite throughout speech