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Pronouns & Sentence Structure

Personal references, SOV word order, です/だ and question particle か
指示詞の照応用法
demonstratives in anaphora
anaphoric so/a
その/あの referring back in discourse
こそあど の応用
ko-so-a-do extended uses
abstract reference
Referring to ideas, shared knowledge
自分 の照応
jibun and reference
jibun binding
How 自分 refers back to the subject
んです の機能
functions of n desu
n desu nuance
Explanation, emphasis, softening, seeking explanation
終助詞: わ, ぞ, ぜ, な
sentence particles: wa, zo, ze, na
wa/zo/ze/na
Gendered and emphatic final particles
っけ — recalling
kke — recalling/confirming
kke
何だっけ = what was it again?
もの / もん — reason (casual)
mono/mon — reason (casual)
mono / mon
Giving a reason with a slightly defensive tone
こと の主張用法
koto for assertions
koto (emphatic)
～ことだ = should; ～ことか = how very...
間接話法
indirect speech
to iu / to omou
～と言った, ～と思う = said that, think that
引用の と
quotative to
to (quotative)
Marks quoted/reported content