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Alphabet & Pronunciation

Persian alphabet (Perso-Arabic script), vowels, consonants, reading right-to-left
اتصال حروف — letter joining
letter joining rules
letter joining
Most letters connect to the next; 6 do not connect left
حروف غیر متصل: ا د ذ ر ز و
non-connecting letters
non-connecting
After these, next letter starts a new form
شکل‌های چهارگانه حروف
four letter forms
initial/medial/final/isolated
Each letter has up to 4 forms depending on position
تنوین — tanwin
tanwin (nunation)
tanwin
Arabic-borrowed endings: اً (an), اً in Persian loanwords
همزه — hamze
hamze (glottal stop marker)
hamze
أ, إ, ؤ, ئ, ء — glottal stop in various positions
کشیده — tatwil
tatwil (elongation mark)
kashida
Line extending a letter for aesthetic/spacing: خـــدا
نقطه‌گذاری فارسی
Persian punctuation
punctuation
؟ for question mark; ، for comma; adapted for RTL
اعداد فارسی: ۰ ۱ ۲ ۳
Persian numerals: 0 1 2 3
sefr, yek, do, se
Traditional Persian numeral forms still widely used
خواندن بدون اعراب
reading without vowel marks
unvocalised text
Adult Persian written without short vowels
تفاوت فارسی و عربی
differences between Persian and Arabic scripts
Persian vs Arabic script
Persian adds 4 letters; some Arabic letters unused