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Postpositions & Case Markers

Urdu postpositions, oblique case, and the ergative marker نے
میں
in / inside
meṃ
Locative postposition — میز پر vs کمرے میں (on table vs in room)
پر
on / at / upon
par
Surface/location postposition — گھر پر = at home
سے
from / with / by
se
Multiple uses: origin, instrument, comparison
کو
to / for (dative/accusative)
ko
Marks indirect object and specific direct objects
کا / کی / کے
of / 's (possessive)
kā / kī / ke
Possessive postposition — agrees with possessed noun's gender
میرا کتاب کا
my book's (incorrect)
merā kitāb kā
Wrong: کتاب is feminine so must use کتاب کی
میری کتاب
my book
merī kitāb
Correct: possessive میری agrees with feminine کتاب
کے ساتھ
with (accompaniment)
ke sāth
Compound postposition — کے + ساتھ
کے لیے
for (purpose/benefactive)
ke liye
Compound postposition — میرے لیے = for me
کے بعد
after
ke bād
Temporal compound postposition — کھانے کے بعد = after eating