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Verbs & Present Tense

Verb roots, present habitual tense conjugation
فعل مضارع: کھاتا/کھاتی ہے
Present habitual agreement
khātā/khātī hai
Verb must agree with subject's gender in present habitual
فعل امر: کھاؤ / کھائیے
Imperative: eat (inf./formal)
khāo / khāiye
Two imperative levels — تم level and آپ level
فعل نہی: مت کھاؤ
Negative imperative: don't eat
mat khāo
مت used for prohibitions (not نہیں)
ہونا: تھا تھی تھے تھیں
To be: past forms
honā: thā thī the thīṃ
Past of ہونا — four forms agreeing with gender and number
فعل ربطی: لگنا معلوم ہونا
Copular verbs: seem/appear
fi'l-e-rabṭī: lagnā ma'lūm honā
Verbs expressing perception/appearance — take dative subject
مجھے معلوم ہے
I know (lit: to me it is known)
mujhe ma'lūm hai
Dative experiencer — knowledge expressed with dative subject
کرنا — light verb construction
karnā as light verb
karnā
کرنا combines with nouns to make verbs: کام کرنا = to work
کام کرنا / باتیں کرنا
to work / to talk
kām karnā / bāteṃ karnā
Noun + کرنا light verb pattern — very productive in Urdu
فعل مرکب: جا رہا ہے
Compound verb: is going
fi'l-e-murakkab: jā rahā hai
Progressive aspect: verb stem + رہا/رہی + ہے
ہوجانا / کرلینا
Completive compound verbs
ho jānā / kar lenā
Vector verbs جانا and لینا add completion/benefactive meaning