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Past Tense & Aspect
Simple past, perfective aspect, and verb agreement in past tense
فعل ماضی مطلق متعدی
Simple past transitive (ergative)
fi'l-e-māẓī muṭlaq muta'addī
Transitive past: subject takes نے; verb agrees with object
فعل ماضی مطلق لازم
Simple past intransitive
fi'l-e-māẓī muṭlaq lāzim
Intransitive past: no نے; verb agrees with subject
ماضی قریب: کھایا ہے
Present perfect: has eaten
māẓī qarīb: khāyā hai
Recent past affecting present — کھایا + ہے
ماضی بعید: کھایا تھا
Past perfect: had eaten
māẓī ba'īd: khāyā thā
Remote past — کھایا + تھا
ماضی استمراری: کھا رہا تھا
Past continuous: was eating
māẓī istimrārī: khā rahā thā
Ongoing past action — رہا + تھا
ماضی شکیہ: کھاتا تھا
Past habitual: used to eat
māẓī shakiyya: khātā thā
Habitual/repeated past — present habitual + تھا
فعل مستقبل: کھائے گا
Future tense
fi'l-e-mustaqbil: khāe gā
Future: subjunctive stem + گا/گی/گے/گیں
مصدر حال: کھاتے ہوئے
Verbal adverb (simultaneous)
maṣdar-e-hāl: khāte hue
Simultaneous action: while eating — present participle + ہوئے
مصدر ماضی: کھا کر
Verbal adverb (sequential)
maṣdar-e-māẓī: khā kar
Sequential action: having eaten, then... — stem + کر
فعل نمودی: کھا لینا / کھا جانا
Aspectual compound verbs
fi'l-e-numūdī
لینا = benefactive completion; جانا = motion away/completive