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Urdu Script & Pronunciation

Nastaliq alphabet, vowel marks, and pronunciation rules
عروض: بحر ہزج رمل
Prosody: hazaj and ramal meters
'arūẓ: bahr-e-hazaj ramal
Classical Urdu poetry uses Persian-Arabic metrical system (aruz)
ردیف و قافیہ
Refrain and rhyme in ghazal
radīf va qāfiya
Ghazal structure: each couplet ends with same rhyme+refrain
اردو خط: نسخ vs نستعلیق
Urdu script: Naskh vs Nastaliq
urdū khaṭ: naskh vs nasta'līq
Nastaliq used for Urdu; Naskh for Arabic — important distinction
اتصال کی اقسام
Types of letter connections
ittisāl kī aqsām
Initial, medial, final, and isolated forms of each letter
پاکستانی vs ہندوستانی اردو
Pakistani vs Indian Urdu
pākistānī vs hindūstānī urdū
Vocabulary and script differences between the two standards
اردو میں انگریزی الفاظ
English loanwords in Urdu
urdū meṃ angrezi alfāẓ
Modern Urdu absorbs English technical vocabulary heavily
صوتیات: مخارج الحروف
Phonetics: articulation points
ṣautiyāt: makhārij-ul-ḥurūf
Traditional Arabic phonetic classification of Urdu sounds
اغلاط عام: ظ vs ز vs ذ vs ض
Common errors: z-sounds
aghlāṭ-e-'ām: ẓ vs z vs z vs ẓ
Four letters represent /z/ — correct spelling must be memorized
خوشخطی: اردو لکھنے کے اصول
Calligraphy: principles of Urdu writing
khushkhaṭī: urdū likhne ke uṣūl
Direction, pen angle, and proportion in Nastaliq writing
کمپیوٹر پر اردو: یونیکوڈ
Urdu on computer: Unicode
kampiūṭar par urdū: yūnikod
Unicode Nastaliq fonts and keyboard layouts for digital Urdu