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Verbs & Present Tense

Verb roots, present habitual tense conjugation
فعل مجہول: مارا گیا
Passive voice: was killed
fi'l-e-majhūl: mārā gayā
Urdu passive: past participle + جانا — مارا گیا = was killed
مجہول کا استعمال
Use of passive in Urdu
majhūl kā isti'māl
Passive less common than in English — often agent omitted
فعل تعجبی: کیا خوب!
Exclamatory verb construction
fi'l-e-ta'ajjubī: kyā khūb!
کیا + adjective for exclamation: کیا خوبصورت! = How beautiful!
فعل دعائیہ: اللہ کرے
Optative/prayer construction
fi'l-e-du'āiyya: allāh kare
Subjunctive used for wishes and prayers — اللہ کرے = God willing
صیغہ مخاطب کی اقسام
Levels of address (T-V distinction)
ṣīgha-e-mukhāṭab kī aqsām
تو (intimate/disrespectful), تم (informal), آپ (formal) — crucial social distinction
تو کے ساتھ افعال: جاتا ہے vs جاتا ہے
Verb forms with تو
to ke sāth af'āl
تو uses different forms: تو جاتا ہے (same as 3sg in many dialects)
فعل تمنائی: کاش آتے
Desiderative: I wish (they) came
fi'l-e-tamannāī: kāsh āte
کاش + past habitual expresses unfulfilled wish
امکانی فعل: آ سکتا ہے
Modal: can come
imkānī fi'l: ā saktā hai
سکنا = ability modal — comes after verb stem
وجوبی فعل: جانا چاہیے
Deontic modal: should go
vujūbī fi'l: jānā cāhie
چاہیے with infinitive = should/ought to — dative subject
اضطراری فعل: جانا پڑتا ہے
Compulsive: have to go
iẓṭirārī fi'l: jānā paṛtā hai
پڑنا = compulsion — آپ کو جانا پڑے گا = you will have to go