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Past Tense & Aspect

Simple past, perfective aspect, and verb agreement in past tense
صرف فعل: مصدر سے فعل سازی
Verb morphology: root to forms
ṣarf-e-fi'l: maṣdar se fi'l sāzī
Urdu verb system built on root + aspectual/agreemental suffixes
ماضی احتمالی: کھایا ہوگا
Inferential past: must have eaten
māẓī iḥtimālī: khāyā hogā
Perfect + گا expresses inference about past — evidential meaning
حال احتمالی: کھاتا ہوگا
Inferential present: must be eating
hāl iḥtimālī: khātā hogā
Habitual + گا = inference about current habit
مستقبل قریب: آنے والا ہے
Immediate future: about to come
mustaqbil-e-qarīb: āne vālā hai
آنے والا ہے = is about to come — future imminence
ماضی مستمر مکمل: کھاتے آئے ہیں
Habitual perfect: have been eating (habitually)
māẓī mustamirr mukammal
Complex perfect expressing long-term habitual activity
شرط ماضی: اگر آتا تو میں دیکھتا
Past counterfactual
shart-e-māẓī
Unreal past condition: both clauses past habitual (without تھا)
فعل تأکیدی: کھا ہی لو
Emphatic imperative
fi'l-e-ta'kīdī: khā hī lo
ہی + lā imperative = do go ahead and eat (emphatic persuasion)
افعال ناقصہ: ہونا کرنا
Defective verbs: be/do
af'āl-e-nāqiṣa: honā karnā
Auxiliary verbs in Urdu verbal complexes
فعل معاون: سکنا / چاہنا / پانا
Auxiliary verbs: can/want/manage
fi'l-e-mu'āvin: saknā / chāhnā / pānā
Three key auxiliaries — پانا = manage to (ability achieved)
جملہ اعتراضیہ: جانے دو
Dismissive construction
jumla-e-i'tirāẓiyya: jāne do
جانے دو = let it go/forget it — very common in spoken Urdu