← Back

Urdu Script & Pronunciation

Nastaliq alphabet, vowel marks, and pronunciation rules
اردو کی تاریخ: دکنی سے جدید تک
History of Urdu: from Dakhni to modern
urdū kī tārīkh: dakhnī se jadīd tak
Urdu developed from Khari Boli mixed with Persian/Arabic/Turkish
ریختہ: اردو کا قدیم نام
Rekhta: ancient name for Urdu
rekhta: urdū kā qadīm nām
Rekhta (mixed language) was the early term for Urdu poetry
اردو دہلوی vs لکھنوی
Delhi vs Lucknow Urdu
urdū dihlvī vs lukhnavī
Two classical traditions: Delhi (austere) vs Lucknow (ornate)
اردو کی صوتی نظام: تجزیہ
Phonological analysis of Urdu
urdū kī ṣautī niẓām: tajziya
Urdu has 36 consonants including 10 aspirates and 4 retroflex sets
مورفیم: آزاد و پابند
Morphemes: free and bound
morfīm: āzād va pāband
Linguistic analysis of Urdu word structure — roots and affixes
اشتقاق: عربی فارسی ترکی
Etymology: Arabic Persian Turkish
ishtiqāq: 'arabī fārsī turkī
Urdu vocabulary layers — estimating 40% Persian, 30% Arabic
صرفی عمل: پیشوند و پسوند
Morphological processes: prefixes and suffixes
ṣarfī 'amal: peshvand va pasvand
Productive affixes: ب- (without), ن- (un-), -دار (-holder)
نحوی تجزیہ: فقرہ بندی
Syntactic analysis: phrase structure
naḥvī tajziya: fiqra-bandī
NP, VP, PP constituency in Urdu phrase structure grammar
اردو میں تبدیلی صوت
Sound change in Urdu
urdū meṃ tabdīlī-e-ṣaut
Historical sound changes: Sanskrit → Prakrit → Apabhramsha → Urdu
اردو بطور ثانوی زبان
Urdu as a second language
urdū ba-ṭaur-e-sānī zabān
Acquisition challenges: script direction, ergative alignment, agreement