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Pronouns & Basic Sentence Structure

Personal pronouns and simple subject-object-verb sentences
نظریہ فعل: دو مکانی لہجہ
Verb theory: bi-clausal analysis
naẓariyya-e-fi'l: do-makānī lahja
Some Urdu compound verbs analyzed as bi-clausal structures
صیغہ مجہول تجزیاتی
Analytical passive in Urdu
ṣīgha-e-majhūl taḥlīlī
Urdu passive with جانا contrasted with cognate object constructions
فاعلی ساخت: ارگیٹیو مطلق
Ergative-absolutive alignment
fā'ilī sākht: ergative muṭlaq
Urdu split ergative: perfective transitive triggers agreement shift
تقسیم ارگیٹیوٹی: حال/ماضی
Split ergativity: present/past
taqsīm ergativity: hāl/māẓī
Present = nominative-accusative; past transitive = ergative-absolutive
مفعول ہم آہنگی: جنس عدد
Object agreement: gender and number
maf'ūl ham-āhangi: jins 'adad
Transitive past verb agrees with object (not subject) in gender/number
ضمائر انضمام: کلیٹک
Pronominal clitics
ẓamā'ir inẓimām: kleṭik
Short pronoun forms cliticize to postpositions: مجھے = مجھ+کو
فعلی پیچیدگی: سیریل فعل
Verb serialization in Urdu
fi'lī pīchīdagī: serial fi'l
Light verb constructions as grammaticalized serial verbs
موضوع-تبصرہ ساخت
Topic-comment structure
mauẓū'-tabṣira sākht
Urdu allows topic fronting: کتاب میں نے پڑھی (book, I read it)
خلا کا اظہار: کھال چھوڑنا
Gap leaving / null pronoun (pro-drop)
khilā kā iẓhār: pro-drop
Urdu is pro-drop — subject pronouns often omitted when inferable
حوالہ جاتی تسلسل
Referential cohesion
havālajātī tasalsul
Discourse tracking of referents through pronouns and null subjects