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Verbs & Present Tense

Verb roots, present habitual tense conjugation
فعل مجہول مرکب: بنوانا
Causative-passive complex
fi'l-e-majhūl murakkab: banvānā
Double causative: لکھوانا (have someone write); لکھوا لینا (get it written)
فعل متعدی اول / ثانی
Causative verbs (first and second)
fi'l-e-muta'addī avval / sānī
Urdu causative: پڑھنا → پڑھانا → پڑھوانا (read/teach/have taught)
فعل دوہرا: کھا پی لینا
Complex predicate: eat and drink (up)
fi'l-e-dohrā: khā pī lenā
Conjunctive participle serialization: کھا کر پی کر = having eaten and drunk
منفی قطبیت: کوئی نہیں / بھی نہیں
Negative polarity items
manfī quṭbiyat
NPIs in Urdu: کوئی (any/no-one) requires negation in declaratives
تأکید کا نظام: ہی تو بھی
Emphatic particle system: ہی تو بھی
ta'kīd kā niẓām: hī, to, bhī
Three discourse particles with overlapping emphatic functions
فعل کے زمانے: مکمل نظام
Complete Urdu tense system
fi'l ke zamāne: mukammal niẓām
12+ tense/aspect/modality combinations in Urdu verb system
ابہام رفع: واضح سازی
Disambiguation strategies
ibhām raf': vāẓih-sāzī
How speakers disambiguate structurally ambiguous Urdu sentences
صرفی تبدیلی: اعلال تغلیب
Morphophonological alternations
ṣarfī tabdīlī: i'lāl taghlib
Vowel changes in derivation: کھانا → کھائی, جانا → گیا
پیش اندیشی: مستقبل در ماضی
Future in the past / sequence of tenses
pesh-andeshī: mustaqbil dar māẓī
Backshift in reported speech and conditional chains
افعال قلوب: گمان سمجھنا یقین
Verba sentiendi: believe/think/know
af'āl-e-qulūb
Cognitive verbs taking complements — گمان کرنا (to suppose)