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Linkers, Ligatures & Complex Sentences

Na/ng ligatures, relative clauses, compound sentences with at/pero/kaya
Relative clause formation review
both pre-nominal and post-nominal modification
varies
Ang babaeng sumasakay ng bus = the woman who is riding the bus
Nominalized clauses as arguments
ang clause functioning as noun phrase
varies
Ang pagkain ng gulay ay mahalaga = Eating vegetables is important
Reported speech: sinabi niya na
he/she said that...
see-nah-bee nee-yah nah
Sinabi niya na pupunta siya = He said that he would go
Conditional sentences: kung...ay
if...then conditionals
koong ... ay
Kung umuulan ay mananatili ako sa bahay = If it rains I will stay home
Concessive clauses: kahit na
even though / although
kah-hit nah
Kahit na mahirap siya, masaya pa rin siya = Even though poor, still happy
Reason clauses: dahil / sapagkat
because colloquial / formal
dah-hil / sah-pahg-kaht
Sapagkat is formal/literary; dahil is everyday usage
Purpose clauses: para / upang
in order to colloquial / formal
pah-rah / oo-pahng
Upang is more formal; para is standard in speech
Temporal clauses: habang / nang
while / when past
hah-bahng / nahng
Nang (past temporal) vs. noong (past time point)
Contrastive focus with ay and clefts
topicalization and focus marking for emphasis
ay
Siya ang kumain = He is the one who ate (cleft for contrastive focus)
Discourse particles as epistemic markers
raw/daw, kaya, pala as evidential system
varies
Filipino has grammaticalized evidentiality through particles not inflection