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Negation & Questions

Hindi, wala, huwag for negation; yes/no and question-word questions
Negation and negative polarity items
items licensed in negative contexts
varies
Kahit sino (anyone) licensed only in negative: Hindi pumunta kahit sino
Metalinguistic negation in Tagalog
negating appropriateness of a word choice
varies
Hindi malungkot, nasasaktan ang tamang salita = Not sad, hurt is the right word
Negative concord constructions
multiple negative words in single clause
varies
Wala siyang anumang sinabi = He said absolutely nothing (wala plus anuman)
Presupposition and negation triggers
negation as hole vs. plug for presuppositions
varies
Hindi siya huminto sa paninigarilyo presupposes he was smoking
Questions in indirect speech: ba deletion
embedded questions lose ba in some registers
varies
Hindi ko alam kung kumain siya (not kung kumain ba siya) in formal register
Adversative and corrective negation
Hindi lang...kundi... = not only...but also
varies
Hindi lang siya matalino kundi marunong din = Not only smart but also skilled
Rhetorical questions as strong assertions
questions used to make emphatic statements
varies
Di ba't mahalaga ang edukasyon? = asserts that education IS important
Historical development of hindi negator
origins of the main Tagalog negator
varies
Hindi from Old Tagalog di; contrast wala (existential) and huwag (prohibitive)
Scope ambiguities with negation and focus
how focus type interacts with negation scope
varies
Negation scope over actor vs. object focus differs in what is denied
Negation in conditionals and counterfactuals
negation under modal and conditional operators
varies
Kung hindi siya kumain... = If he had not eaten... (counterfactual with hindi)