Past Tense & Evidential System

Definite past tense full paradigm

all persons of -di past

varies

Geldim/geldin/geldi/geldik/geldiniz/geldiler = I/you/he/we/you/they came

Evidential past full paradigm

all persons of -miş past

varies

Gelmişim/gelmişsin/gelmiş/gelmişiz/gelmişsiniz/gelmişler

-miş in indirect speech

reporting what others said

meesh

Gelmiş = He has apparently come (I infer or was told); marks non-witnessed info

-miş for surprise/discovery

speaker surprised to discover something

meesh

Uyumuşum! = I apparently fell asleep! (woke up to find this)

Future tense full paradigm

all persons of -ecek/-acak

varies

Gideceğim/gideceksin/gidecek/gideceğiz/gideceksiniz/gidecekler

Future in the past: -ecekti

was going to / had intended to

-eh-jek-tee

Gidecektim = I was going to go (but didn't)

Past continuous: -iyordu

was doing (ongoing past)

-ee-yor-doo

Okuyordum = I was reading; continuous past describes background action

Past habitual: -irdi/-erdi

used to do (past habit)

-eer-dee/-ehr-dee

Çay içerdim = I used to drink tea; now I no longer do

Narrative past vs. evidential contrast

choosing between -di and -miş

varies

Dün geldi (I saw him come yesterday) vs. dün gelmiş (apparently he came)

Conditional: -se/-sa

if clause marker

-seh/-sah

Gelseydi = if he had come; gelirse = if he comes; -se on verb stem