Complex Sentences & Advanced Grammar

Postpositions requiring genitive: için, gibi, hakkında

for, like, about

ee-cheen, gee-bee, hah-kuhn-dah

Senin için (for you); benim gibi (like me); onun hakkında (about him)

Postpositions requiring dative: göre, karşı, doğru

according to, against/opposite, toward

gur-reh, kahr-shuh, doh-roo

Bana göre = according to me; eve doğru = toward home

Postpositions requiring ablative: önce, sonra, beri

before, after, since

urn-jeh, sohn-rah, beh-ree

Yemekten sonra = after dinner; sabahtan beri = since morning

Relative clause with -en/-an participle

subject relative clause

varies

Gelen adam = the man who came; -en attaches to verb stem

Relative clause with -diği/-dığı

object relative clause

varies

Okuduğum kitap = the book that I read; -diği + possessive

Verbal noun: -mek/-mak as subject

infinitive used as noun

varies

Yüzmek sağlıklıdır = Swimming is healthy; infinitive as subject

-mek istemek

to want to do

varies

Gitmek istiyorum = I want to go; istemek takes -mek infinitive

-e/-a başlamak

to start doing

varies

Koşmaya başladım = I started running; -mak/-mek + a/e = to + verb

Formal register: -mektedir

formal present continuous suffix

-mek-teh-deer

Used in formal writing/announcements; daha resmi/formal than -iyor

Politeness strategies: -se/-sa idiniz

conditional for polite requests

varies

Gelseydiniz... = If you would come... / Would you please come...