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Pronouns & Basic Sentence Structure

Personal pronouns, SOV word order, the copula, basic equational sentences
Sentence types: verbal vs. nominal
sentences ending in verb vs. copula
varies
Verbal: Geldi (came); Nominal: Güzel (it is beautiful) + zero copula
Conditional sentences: four types
open, remote, counterfactual, mixed
varies
Gelirse (if he comes), gelse (if he came), gelseydi (if he had come)
Topic and focus in Turkish
what comes before verb is focus; sentence-initial is topic
varies
Ahmet KITABI okudu (Ahmet read THE BOOK, not something else)
Left dislocation and right dislocation
discourse-motivated word order changes
varies
Ahmet, onu tanıyorum = As for Ahmet, I know him (left dislocation)
Copula past: -di and -miş forms
was / reportedly was
varies
Evdeydim (I was at home, -di copula); evdeymiş (apparently was at home, -miş)
Copula conditional: -se/-sa
if he/she is / were
varies
Güzelse (if it is beautiful); doktorsanız (if you are a doctor)
Negative copula: değil in all tenses
not in nominal sentences across tenses
varies
Değilim/değildim/değilmiş/değilsem = am not/was not/apparently not/if not
Reported speech with diye
quotative/purpose marker
dee-yeh
Geliyor diye düşündüm = I thought he was coming (quoting my thought)
Embedded clauses with -diğini
that-clauses as objects
varies
Geldiğini biliyorum = I know that he came; -diği + accusative case
Causative-passive combinations
having something done to something
varies
Araba tamir ettirildi = The car was had repaired (causative + passive)