Adjectives & Adverbs

Participial modification: -en/-an

subject participle modifying nouns

varies

Koşan çocuk = the running child; gelen adam = the man who came

Participial modification: -miş

perfect participle used as adjective

varies

Yorulmuş adam = the tired man (who has been worn out)

Object participle: -diği/-dığı/-duğu/-düğü

relative clause for object role

varies

Okuduğum kitap = the book that I read (object participle + possessive)

Future participle: -eceği/-acağı

relative clause for future object

varies

Okuyacağım kitap = the book I will read

Participial clauses as adverbials

verbal adjectives used to modify verbs

varies

Yorulmuş olarak eve döndüm = I returned home being tired

Adverb formation: -erek/-arak

by doing / while doing (simultaneous action)

-(eh)rek/-(ah)rahk

Koşarak geldim = I came by running/running; simultaneous manner

Adverb formation: -meden/-madan

without doing

varies

Yemeden içmeden çalıştı = He worked without eating or drinking

Adverb: -ince/-inca (when)

when/as soon as (temporal adverbial)

-(een)jeh/-(uhn)jah

Gelince söyle = Tell me when he comes; as soon as he comes

Adverb: -dıkça/-dikçe (as/the more)

the more X, the more Y pattern

varies

Okudukça anlıyorum = The more I read, the more I understand

Adverb: -ken (while)

while doing (simultaneous action)

-(y)kehn

Çalışırken müzik dinliyorum = I listen to music while working