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Complex Sentences & Advanced Grammar

Postpositions, relative clauses with participles, subordinate clauses, formal registers
Subordinating converbs: full list
-ip, -erek, -ken, -ince, -meden, -dıkça
varies
Each converb expresses different temporal or manner relationship to main verb
Relative clauses: subject vs. object type
-en vs. -diği distinction in detail
varies
Subject: gelen adam (man who comes); Object: gördüğüm adam (man I saw)
Complement clauses with -diğini / -eceğini
that-clauses in object position
varies
Geleceğini biliyorum = I know that he will come; future complement
Purpose clauses: -mek için / -mek amacıyla
in order to
varies
Okumak için geldim = I came in order to read; amacıyla is more formal
Result clauses: o kadar...ki
so...that result clauses
varies
O kadar yorgunum ki uyuyabilirim = I am so tired that I could sleep
Concessive clauses: -se de / -masına rağmen
even though / in spite of
varies
-Se de: gelse de gitmem (even if he comes, I won't go); rağmen = in spite of
Formal written Turkish features
nominalization-heavy style in academic writing
varies
Academic Turkish prefers nominalizations over finite clauses; gerundive structures
Colloquial contractions: ne + oldu = noldu
informal speech reductions
varies
Noldu = ne oldu (what happened); niye = niçin (why); naber = na haber (what's up)
Ottoman Turkish influence on formal vocabulary
Arabic and Persian formal register words
varies
Müessese (institution), mesele (matter), itibar (esteem) -- formal Ottoman lexis
Regional dialects: Black Sea, Southeastern
major dialectal variation in Turkey
varies
Black Sea dialect (Karadeniz): distinctive prosody; southeastern influenced by Kurdish/Arabic