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Pronouns & Basic Sentence Structure

Personal pronouns, SOV word order, the copula, basic equational sentences
Clitic doubling in Turkish
object agreement and doubling
varies
Kitabı okudum: -i on kitap doubles the object; pragmatic definiteness effect
Long-distance scrambling
movement of constituents across clause boundaries
varies
Scrambling is information-structure driven; does not violate islands as strictly as movement
Differential object marking
when accusative is and is not used
varies
Definite/specific objects take accusative; indefinite/non-specific objects are bare
Raising vs. control predicates
seem vs. want in Turkish syntax
varies
Görünmek (seem) is raising; istemek (want) is control; different pronoun binding facts
Wh-in-situ in Turkish
question words stay in base position
varies
Turkish wh-words do not move to front; Kim ne aldı? = Who bought what? (both in situ)
Multiple wh-questions
two question words in single sentence
varies
Kim nerede? = Who is where? Both words remain in their base positions
Relativization hierarchy in Turkish
which roles can be relativized
varies
Turkish relativizes all roles via participle strategy; no relative pronouns used
Resumptive pronouns absence
Turkish lacks resumptive pronouns in relatives
varies
Long-distance relatives in Turkish leave no resumptive; gap strategy throughout
Nominal sentences and tense
tense in copular/nominal sentences
varies
Present: zero/overt copula; past: -dı/-miş copula; future: olacak copula
Complementizer: ki and diye
two complementizer strategies
varies
Ki: integrated (biliyorum ki); diye: quotative/purpose (geliyor diye ağladı)