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Verbs & Present Tense Conjugation

Verb infinitives, present continuous and aorist tenses, personal endings, vowel harmony
Turkish evidentiality system
grammaticalized evidentiality via -miş
varies
-Miş encodes indirect evidentiality (inference, hearsay, mirative); -di = direct
Mirative use of -miş
surprise or new information with -miş
varies
Uyumuşum! = I apparently fell asleep! (speaker surprised by own past action)
Epistemic vs. direct evidentiality contrast
pragmatic and semantic distinction
varies
-Di: I know because I saw; -miş: I know through inference or report
Modality: possibility, necessity, volition
modal expressions in Turkish
varies
-Ebil (possibility); -meli (necessity/obligation); iste- (volition) -- three modal types
Conditional types: real, remote, counterfactual
typology of Turkish conditional clauses
varies
Real: -se (gelirse); remote: -se (gelse); counterfactual: -seydi (gelseydi)
Turkish tense-aspect-modality stacking
TAM suffixes combine systematically
varies
Gidiyormuş: going (cont) + apparently (evid); systematic compositionality
Aspect in Turkish: bounded vs. unbounded
telicity and aspect interaction
varies
Turkish lacks overt aspect morpheme like Slavic; aspect inferred from TAM and context
Turkish negation: morphological analysis
negation suffix structure and scope
varies
-Me is a morphological negation head; takes scope over tense and modality
Verb valency and argument structure
unaccusative vs. unergative verbs
varies
Düşmek (fall) unaccusative; koşmak (run) unergative; different passivization facts
Light verb constructions
etmek, olmak, yapmak as light verbs
varies
Telefon etmek (to phone); hazır olmak (to be ready); borrowed V + light verb strategy