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Numbers, Time & Dates

Cardinal and ordinal numbers, telling time, days, months, and date expressions
Turkish number words: historical analysis
native, Arabic, and Persian numerical vocabulary
varies
Core numbers 1-10 native Turkic; bin (thousand) may be Indo-European loan
Numeral classifiers and measure words
Turkish measure word constructions
varies
Turkish lacks true classifiers; uses measure words: bardak su (a glass of water)
Definiteness and numerals
numeral phrases and definiteness effects
varies
Üç kitap (three books, indefinite) vs. üç kitabı (the three books, definite)
Temporal semantics: tense, aspect, Aktionsart
three-level temporal analysis
varies
Aktionsart (lexical), grammatical aspect (bounded/unbounded), tense (deictic time)
Turkish temporal adverbs: grammaticalization paths
how temporal expressions grammaticalize
varies
Önce (before/first) grammaticalized from spatial ön (front); source-path metaphor
Event structure and Turkish verbs
decomposition of verb meaning
varies
Öldürmek = [CAUSE [BECOME [dead]]] -- causative decomposition of kill
Sequence of tense in Turkish
relative tense in complement clauses
varies
No strict sequence of tense; matrix and embedded tense are largely independent
Quantification and distributivity
ikiş er, -ar/-er distributive morphology
varies
Birer birer geldiler = They came one by one; distributive morpheme on numerals
Temporal connectives: crosslinguistic comparison
Turkish temporal subordinators vs. English
varies
Turkish uses converbs where English uses when/while/after; richer system
Calendrical vocabulary: Ottoman vs. modern Turkish
replacement of Arabic month names
varies
Republican reforms replaced Arabic month names with native Turkish alternatives