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Past Tense & Evidential System

Definite past -di, evidential/reported past -mis, future tense, aspect and tense overview
Turkish discourse structure
topic chaining and cohesion in Turkish discourse
varies
Topic chains maintained by zero anaphora; shifts marked by full NP reintroduction
Evidentiality in narrative genres
-miş in folk tales and formal narration
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Once upon a time formula: Bir varmış bir yokmuş; -miş throughout fairy tales
Register variation in Turkish
formal, colloquial, written, spoken registers
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Written Turkish uses -mektedir, complex nominalizations; spoken is simpler
Turkish politeness system
honorifics, siz vs. sen, titles
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Siz for respect; Sayın (Dear) in formal address; Bey/Hanım after first name
Code-switching in Turkish society
Turkish-German, Turkish-English mixing
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Large diaspora in Germany produces Turkish-German code-switching (Kanak Sprak)
Turkish internet language and text speak
online communication patterns
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Slang: kanka (buddy), lan (dude), ya; emoji and abbreviation patterns
Turkish oral literature: mani, türkü, destan
traditional literary forms
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Mani = four-line folk poem; türkü = folk song; destan = epic
Post-colonial and political language
language ideology in Turkey
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Dil Devrimi (Language Revolution) of 1930s-40s purified Arabic/Persian vocabulary
Translation challenges: Turkish to English
structural differences causing translation difficulty
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Agglutinative morphology, evidentiality, converbs all lack direct English equivalents
Computational approaches to Turkish NLP
challenges for natural language processing
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Turkish morphological richness requires specialized NLP tools; high OOV rate