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Complex Sentences & Advanced Grammar

Postpositions, relative clauses with participles, subordinate clauses, formal registers
Turkic language family overview
major Turkic languages and their distribution
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35+ Turkic languages; Azerbaijani, Uzbek, Kazakh, Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Turkmen
Turkish vs. Azerbaijani: mutual intelligibility
closest relative to Turkish
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High mutual intelligibility with Azerbaijani; both Oghuz branch
Endangered Turkic languages
documentation efforts
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Chulym, Shor, Tofa -- Siberian Turkic languages critically endangered
Turkish language planning: TDK
Türk Dil Kurumu language authority
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TDK recommends Turkish equivalents for foreign words; ongoing purism debates
Loanword policy: neologism creation
strategies for technical vocabulary
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Turkish creates calques (loan translations) and derives new words from Turkic roots
Diaspora Turkish: heritage language features
Turkish spoken outside Turkey
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Heritage Turkish in Germany shows influence attrition; contact-induced changes
Cypriot Turkish: a distinct variety
Turkish spoken in Northern Cyprus
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Cypriot Turkish retains archaic features and has distinct Greek influence
Balkan Turkish varieties
Turkish in Bulgaria, Greece, Balkans
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Balkan Turkish shows contact features from Greek, Bulgarian, Serbian
Research frontiers: Turkish linguistics
current debates and open questions
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Evidentiality semantics, scrambling theory, morphological productivity are active areas
Turkish in typological databases
Turkish as a typological exemplar
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Turkish is frequently cited in typological work on agglutination, SOV, and evidentiality