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Complex Sentences & Syntax

Connectors, conditionals, relative clauses and the syntax of complex sentences.
ذَهَبْتُ ثُمَّ عُدْتُ
I went then I returned
dhahabtu thumma 'udtu
Coordinate clauses are independent and equal
ظَنَنْتُ أَنَّ الأَمْرَ انْتَهَى
I thought the matter had ended
zanantu anna al-amra intaha
A noun clause with anna acts as object
لِأَنَّهُ دَرَسَ نَجَحَ
because he studied he passed
li-annahu darasa najaha
An adverb clause of reason
الطَّالِبُ الَّذِي نَجَحَ مُجْتَهِدٌ
the student who passed is diligent
at-taalibu alladhii najaha mujtahidun
A restrictive relative clause
إِيَّاكَ نَعْبُدُ
you alone we worship
iyyaaka na'budu
Fronting marks topic or focus
الكِتَابُ الَّذِي ذَكَرْتَهُ اشْتَرَيْتُهُ
the book you mentioned I bought it
al-kitaabu alladhii dhakartahu ishtaraytuhu
A resumptive pronoun keeps clarity
قَالَ إِنَّهُ نَجَحَ
he said that he passed
qaala innahu najaha
Pro-drop, with a null embedded subject
زُرْتُ القَاهِرَةَ عَاصِمَةَ مِصْرَ
I visited Cairo the capital of Egypt
zurtu al-qaahirata 'aasimata misra
Apposition restates the noun
الأَمْرُ كَمَا أَشَرْتُ مُهِمٌّ
the matter as I noted is important
al-amru kamaa ashartu muhimmun
A parenthetical clause inserts commentary
تَبَيَّنَ أَنَّ الطُّلَّابَ الَّذِينَ دَرَسُوا نَجَحُوا
it became clear that the students who studied passed
tabayyana anna at-tullaaba alladhiina darasu najahuu
Long-distance agreement across embedded clauses