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Compound Verbs

Vector verbs: लेना, देना, जाना

Main verb + a 'vector' verb adds nuance

लेना, देना, जाना shade the meaning.

📊 Common vector verbs
Vector Adds Example
लेना (lenā) benefit to the doer कर लेना
देना (denā) for another / away बता देना
जाना (jānā) completion / finality सो जाना
💬 Examples
खा लेना
khā lenā
to eat up (for oneself)
📝 लेना = action toward the doer
दे देना
de denā
to give away
📝 देना = action away / for another
जाना marks completion / change

It adds a sense of finality.

💬 Examples
वह सो गया
vah so gayā
He fell asleep
📝 सो जाना = completed action
पानी ख़त्म हो गया
pānī khatm ho gayā
The water ran out
📝 हो जाना = a completed change
The first verb is a bare stem

Only the vector verb conjugates.

💬 Examples
मैंने कर लिया
maiṃne kar liyā
I did it (completely)
📝 कर (stem) + लिया (conjugated)
उसने बता दिया
usne batā diyā
He told (it)
📝 बता + दिया