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The Passive Voice

Perfective participle + जाना

Passive = perfective participle + जाना

'To be done'.

💬 Examples
किताब पढ़ी जाती है
kitāb paṛhī jātī hai
The book is read
📝 पढ़ी + जाना (passive)
खाना बनाया गया
khānā banāyā gayā
The food was made
📝 Past passive (गया)
The agent (rare) takes से / के द्वारा

The agent is often omitted.

📊 Voice (करना)
Voice Form Example
active करता है राम काम करता है
passive किया जाता है काम किया जाता है
inability से ... जाना मुझसे नहीं होता
💬 Examples
पत्र भेजा गया
patra bhejā gayā
The letter was sent
📝 Agent omitted
यह किताब उसके द्वारा लिखी गई
yah kitāb uske dvārā likhī gaī
This book was written by him
📝 के द्वारा = by (formal agent)
The passive of inability is very common

'X can't be done by me' uses से + passive.

💬 Examples
मुझसे यह नहीं खाया जाता
mujhse yah nahīṃ khāyā jātā
I can't eat this
📝 Passive of inability with से
इतना काम नहीं किया जाता
itnā kām nahīṃ kiyā jātā
So much work can't be done
📝 Impersonal passive