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Participles & Register

Linking actions and Hindi-Urdu register

Conjunctive participle: stem + कर

'Having done', linking sequential actions.

💬 Examples
खाना खाकर मैं सोया
khānā khākar maiṃ soyā
Having eaten, I slept
📝 खाकर = having eaten
घर जाकर पढ़ो
ghar jākar paṛho
Go home and study
📝 जाकर = having gone
Adjectival participles: -tā huā, -ā huā

'Running', 'broken', etc.

📊 Participles
Type Form Example
conjunctive stem + कर खाकर
imperfective adj. -tā huā दौड़ता हुआ
perfective adj. -ā huā टूटा हुआ
💬 Examples
दौड़ता हुआ लड़का
dauṛtā huā laṛkā
a running boy
📝 Present participle as an adjective
टूटा हुआ शीशा
ṭūṭā huā śīśā
a broken mirror
📝 Past participle as an adjective
Hindi-Urdu register: tatsama vs Persian/Arabic

Vocabulary choice marks formality and identity.

💬 Examples
धन्यवाद / शुक्रिया
dhanyavād / śukriyā
thank you (Sanskritic / Persianate)
📝 Hindi vs Urdu register
किताब / पुस्तक
kitāb / pustak
book (everyday / formal Sanskritic)
📝 Register and source language