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Intermediate

Broken Plurals

Irregular internal plurals

Plurals by changing the pattern

Many nouns form their plural by reshaping the word internally rather than adding a suffix.

📊 Common broken-plural patterns
Singular Plural Pattern
قلم أقلام af'aal
مدينة مُدُن fu'ul
رجل رِجال fi'aal
كتاب كُتُب fu'ul
💬 Examples
كِتاب → كُتُب
kitaab → kutub
book → books
📝 Internal vowel change
وَلَد → أولاد
walad → awlaad
boy → boys
📝 A different broken pattern
Patterns must be memorized

There is no single rule; the plural pattern is learned with each word.

💬 Examples
بَيت → بُيوت
bayt → buyuut
house → houses
📝 Pattern fu'uul
رَجُل → رِجال
rajul → rijaal
man → men
📝 Pattern fi'aal
Broken plurals also take feminine-singular agreement

Like sound plurals of things, broken plurals of non-humans agree as feminine singular.

💬 Examples
البُيوتُ كَبيرةٌ
al-buyuutu kabiiratun
The houses are big
📝 Feminine singular adjective
الأقلامُ جَديدةٌ
al-aqlaamu jadiidatun
The pens are new
📝 Same agreement