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Plurals (Nominative)

Plural forms and the virile distinction

Plural endings depend on gender

Feminine, neuter and non-personal patterns.

📊 Nominative plurals
Gender Singular → Plural Example
feminine -a → -y / -i kobiety
neuter -o → -a okna
masc. non-personal + -y / -i koty
masc. personal + -i / -owie studenci
💬 Examples
kobieta → kobiety
woman → women
📝 Feminine -a → -y
okno → okna
window → windows
📝 Neuter -o → -a
Masculine personal nouns are special

Men (or mixed groups) get distinct plural forms.

💬 Examples
student → studenci
student → students (men)
📝 Masculine-personal plural (with sound change)
Polak → Polacy
Pole → Poles (men)
📝 Personal plural
This 'virile' distinction runs through the grammar

Masculine-personal vs everything else.

💬 Examples
dobrzy studenci
good students (men)
📝 Masculine-personal adjective dobrzy
dobre koty
good cats
📝 Non-personal adjective dobre