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Aspect Across the Focuses

Reduplication patterns

Each focus has its own aspect forms

With characteristic reduplication.

📊 'bili' (buy) by focus & aspect
Focus Completed Incompleted Contemplated
actor bumili bumibili bibili
object binili binibili bibilhin
locative binilhan binibilhan bibilhan
benefactive ibinili ibinibili ibibili
💬 Examples
binili / binibili / bibilhin
bought / is buying / will buy
📝 Object focus (bili) aspects
binilhan / binibilhan / bibilhan
(locative focus) aspects
📝 Locative focus across aspects
Completed aspect often uses the -in- infix

Marking a finished action.

💬 Examples
Sinulat ko ang liham.
I wrote the letter.
📝 -in- infix (completed object focus)
Ginawa niya ito.
He/She did this.
📝 g-in-awa (completed)
Reduplication signals ongoing/future across focuses

A consistent pattern.

💬 Examples
Binabasa ko ang libro.
I am reading the book.
📝 Reduplication = incompleted
Babasahin ko ang libro.
I will read the book.
📝 Contemplated object focus