Back
Advanced

Causatives

-ا and -وا degrees

Causatives add -ا / -وا to the stem

'make / have someone do'.

📊 Causative degrees
Verb Direct causative Indirect (via another)
کرنا (do) کرانا (have done) کروانا (get done by sb)
پڑھنا (read) پڑھانا (teach) پڑھوانا
بننا (be made) بنانا (make) بنوانا
💬 Examples
کرنا → کرانا / کروانا
karnā → karānā / karwānā
to do → to have done / get done
📝 Two causative degrees
پڑھنا → پڑھانا
paṛhnā → paṛhānā
to read → to teach (cause to read)
📝 Causative -ا
First causative (-ا): you cause it directly

e.g. teach = cause to read.

💬 Examples
وہ بچوں کو پڑھاتی ہے۔
wo bachchon ko paṛhātī hai.
She teaches the children.
📝 پڑھانا = cause to read = teach
میں نے کھانا بنایا۔
main ne khānā banāyā.
I made food.
📝 بنانا = make (causative of بننا)
Second causative (-وا): you have it done by another

Indirect agent.

💬 Examples
میں نے گھر بنوایا۔
main ne ghar banwāyā.
I had a house built.
📝 بنوانا = get built (by someone else)
اس نے خط لکھوایا۔
us ne khat likhwāyā.
He had a letter written.
📝 لکھوانا = have written