Perso-Arabic Nastaʿlīq, right to left
Masculine & feminine (no neuter)
تو / تم / آپ
To be: ہوں / ہے / ہیں
Forming the plural
-ā / -ī / -e agreement
کو, میں, پر, سے
کیا, question words, نہیں
Counting and digits
Agrees with the possessed noun
Nouns change before a postposition
Compound postpositions; کے پاس
Routine and general truths
Ongoing action
subjunctive + گا/گے/گی
Simple, habitual, continuous past
نے on the past-transitive subject
Definite objects and recipients
چاہنا, چاہیے, ضرورت
تو / تم / آپ and agreement
Verb agrees with the object
Light (vector) verbs
Wishes, possibility, suggestions
اگر ... تو ...
جو ... وہ ...
-ا and -وا degrees
جانا, سکنا, آنا
'having done' / 'while doing'
The Persianate layer (Urdu vs Hindi)
Persianized vs everyday Urdu
