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The Passive & Capability

جانا, سکنا, آنا

Passive = perfective participle + جانا

'be done'.

📊 Passive & capability
Structure Meaning Example
participle + جانا passive لکھا گیا (was written)
...نہیں جاتا can't be done کھایا نہیں جاتا
سکنا (after stem) be able to کر سکتا ہوں
کو + آنا know how to مجھے آتا ہے
💬 Examples
خط لکھا گیا۔
khat likhā gayā.
The letter was written.
📝 participle + گیا (passive)
دروازہ کھولا گیا۔
darwāza kholā gayā.
The door was opened.
📝 Passive with جانا
سکنا after a verb stem = 'can / be able'

Ability.

💬 Examples
میں اردو بول سکتا ہوں۔
main urdū bol saktā hoon.
I can speak Urdu. (m)
📝 stem + سکنا = can
وہ نہیں آ سکتی۔
wo nahīn ā saktī.
She cannot come.
📝 Negative ability
کو + آنا = 'to know how to'

A learned skill.

💬 Examples
مجھے تیرنا آتا ہے۔
mujhe tairnā ātā hai.
I know how to swim.
📝 کو + آنا = know how to
اسے اردو نہیں آتی۔
use urdū nahīn ātī.
He/She doesn't know Urdu.
📝 آنا = know (a language/skill)